CentOS 7 is also 10 years old, and they will not change core packages for stability and compatibility once it is released.
Even if the system Bash is old, you do not have to use the system Bash. You can build a new version of Bash, install it in your home directory, and use it for your interactive sessions. OK, you’ve installed a new version through Homebrew.
The patch was already merged.
The result of atuin doctor suggests that you load neither bash-preexec nor ble.sh. You need to enable bash-preexec by sourcing the file somewhere in your Bash startup files. If the system configuration does not load bash-preexec, you need to source bash-preexec in ~/.bashrc.